Dakota Territory Air Museum’s P-47 Update

image002-5 — The Thunderbolt is in the restoration shop as the various systems are finished. (image via AirCorps Aviation)

We have just received the June/July, 2022 report from Chuck Cravens concerning the restoration of the Dakota Territory Air Museum’s P-47D Thunderbolt 42-27609 at AirCorps Aviation in Bemidji, Minnesota. We thought our readers would be very interested to see how the project has progressed since our last article on this important project. So without further ado, here it goes!

Update

This month, work on the final wing systems, fuselage details, and control surfaces continued. The cowling shape is is in the final stages of completion, and the windshield is now permanently attached.

The P-47 sits on its gear without jacks for the first time. (photo via AirCorps Aviation)

P-47 — The sheer size of the DTAM Thunderbolt is impressive. (photo via AirCorps Aviation)

Acid Wash

Back in WWII, it was a common practice for factories to use an acid wash on areas of aluminum skin which were to be spot welded. As such, an accurate restoration must also include duplication of this acid wash, since it is very visible on the airframe.

Control Surfaces

The left flap and elevators were the final control surfaces to be finished.

Wings

Work on the wings this month centered primarily upon the ammunition and gun bay doors as well as the landing gear. The team installed the landing gear gap seals, as the fitting on the gear doors was completed.

Cowling

The nose cowling’s complex shapes make building this assembly difficult. Mike has made remarkable progress though, fitting much of the outer skin this month.

Cockpit

This month the team installed the cockpit windshield, along with the bulletproof glass which sits behind it. This installation is interesting in that, unlike most bubble canopy fighters, the armored glass is a separate part, independent of the windshield itself. It mounts inside the windshield, bolted to the front deck assembly over the instrument panel.

Fuselage

During the period from late May through mid-July, much of the work focused on the fuselage underside where the turbosupercharger and its associated ducting are located.

Lt Donald McKenna

Don McKenna grew up in Storm Lake, Iowa. He graduated from St. Mary’s High school in 1939 and then attended Buena Vista College (now Buena Vista University) in Storm Lake for a year.

Before enlisting in the Army on December 3, 1942, Don had worked for a time as a railroad clerk for the Southern Pacific Railroad in San Francisco.

In addition to Don, three of his brothers also enlisted; Raphael and Robert served with the U.S. Army in the Pacific Theater, while J. Orton McKenna, like Don, joined the U.S. Army Air Forces.

Dan Sokolowski, Don McKenna’s nephew, generously shared information and photos about his uncle to make this article possible.

Flight Training

Basic military and flight training during the war could take a considerable amount of time. In Don McKenna’s case, it would be almost 18 months before he was ready to ship overseas to join the fight in May of 1944.

After basic army training, McKenna undertook primary flight instruction, learning to fly Fairchild PT-19s at Corsicana Army Airfield in Corsicana, Texas.

Cadet McKenna and a flight instructor. Photo courtesy of Dan Sokolowski — Cadet McKenna and a flight instructor. (Photo courtesy of Dan Sokolowski)

Following completion of his course at Corsicana, Cadet McKenna moved to Enid, Oklahoma to begin Basic Flight Training. During ‘Basic’ fledgeling pilots moved on to more advanced aircraft like the Vultee BT-13 Valiant. These aircraft were larger, more powerful and faster than the primary trainers. Instrument and night flying were also part of the basic training program.

Formation of 12 AT-6 trainers over the Guadalupe River near Foster Field, Summer 1942, USAAF photo — A dozen AT-6 Texan trainers in close formation over the Guadalupe River near Foster Field during the summer of 1942. (USAAF photo)

Foster Army Air Field near Victoria, Texas became Don’s next stop. Here, cadets received an introduction to faster, more complex aircraft during Advanced Training. At Foster, trainee pilots flew the North American AT-6 Texan, commonly referred to simply as the T-6. This trainer required significantly greater skill to fly, with features such as retractable undercarriage, a more powerful engine, a variable-pitch propeller, not to mention hydraulic systems. Those who mastered the AT-6 would then move on to specialized training in fighters, bombers, transports, etc.

Interestingly, one of the resources which would have been in heavy use at Foster Field just happens to have been added to AirCorps Library’s vast aeronautical library this week, the “Instructors Manual for Advanced Single-Engine Flying”; T-6 Texans feature heavily in this fascinating document!

Don on the wing of a P-47. Photo courtesy of Dan Sokolowski

Don on a Thunderbolt’s wing. Photo courtesy of Dan Sokolowski

After winning his wings following Advanced Training, Cadet McKenna now became Second Lieutenant McKenna. Officially a pilot, the Army Air Forces assigned him to single-engine fighters. Specialized P-47 transition training took him to Bruning Army Air Field near Bruning, Nebraska.

While at Bruning, Don experienced an incident. Forced to delay his landing due to a busy traffic pattern on a nighttime training flight, his aircraft ran out of fuel; Don had to belly-land the Thunderbolt onto a field. Thankfully the rugged P-47 kept him safe from injury. Despite the accident, his subsequent training proceeded normally until he was ready for combat.

One of McKenna’s fellow trainees at Bruning, Billie Snell, became his best friend during that time, and the two men flew and fought alongside one another throughout their time on the front lines.

During training at Bruning field, Don was doing night circuits and the pattern was busy. He had to hold and ran out of gas, subsequently, he belly-landed in the dark. USAAF photo courtesy of Dan Sokolowski — During training at Bruning field, Don was doing night circuits and the pattern was busy. He had to hold and ran out of gas, which forced him to dead stick the heavy fighter into a belly-landing in the dark! (USAAF photo courtesy of Dan Sokolowski)

McKenna’s bent Thunderbolt following its belly landing on the night of April 25th, 1944. (USAAF Photo courtesy of Dan Sokolowski)

Donald went overseas in May of 1944, crossing the Atlantic aboard the RMS Queen Mary with his friend Billie Snell. (Oddly enough, the two men returned home after the war aboard the same vessel!)

Both men joined the 367th Fighter Squadron of the 358th Fighter Group, a 9th Air Force P-47 unit. After a while, both men gained enough seniority to be assigned a P-47 which they could add their own personal nose art to. The two men chose designs which related to their personal backgrounds. In Don’s case, this was the Iowa cornfields , while Billie focussed on his native American heritage.

Preliminary sketch for the nose art on Kid Korn, Don McKenna’s P-47.Photo courtesy of Dan Sokolowski — A preliminary sketch of the nose art for ‘Kid Korn’, Don McKenna’s P-47. (Photo courtesy of Dan Sokolowski)

Republic P-47D-28-RA (USAAF serial number 42-28928) Kid Korn II, Lt. McKenna’s Thunderbolt. This was his 2nd Kid Korn, the first had battle damage resulting in a belly landing. Photo courtesy of Dan Sokolowski — Lt. McKenna’s Republic P-47D-28-RA 42-28928 nicknamed Kid Korn II. This was his second ‘Kid Korn’, as battle damage resulted in a belly landing with the first example. (Photo courtesy of Dan Sokolowski)

The nose art as it was painted on Billie’s P-47, Lon Sum. Photo courtesy of Dan Sokolowski — A crewman painting the nose art for Billie’s P-47, nicknamed Lon Sum. (Photo courtesy of Dan Sokolowski)

Though many would consider the painted image politically incorrect these days, the nose art on Billie Snell’s P-47 reflected his Native American heritage in a way that was completely acceptable in 1944. Photo courtesy of Dan Sokolowski — Although a little awkward to look at now, Billie Snell’s P-47 reflected his Native American heritage in a way that was completely acceptable in 1944. (Photo courtesy of Dan Sokolowski)

367th Fighter Squadron emblem. Photo courtesy of Dan Sokolowski — 367th Fighter Squadron emblem. (Photo courtesy of Dan Sokolowski)

The 358th Fighter Group P-47s were originally part of the 8th Air Force, but when it became clear that the P-51 would serve as the primary escort fighter due to its superior range, the 358th joined the 9th Air Force in exchange for a 9thAF P-51 unit, the 357th Fighter Group.¹

With the 9th Air Force, the 358th FG was awarded three Distinguished Unit Citations, and the French Croix de Guerre with Palm for the part they played in the liberation of France and their support in pushing Axis forces back across the Rhine River.

After D-Day, and throughout 1945, 9th AF P-47 groups were primarily engaged in tactical support of the advancing Allied Armies. They were incorporated into the First Tactical Air Force, an ad-hoc, multinational outfit established in southeast France during November 1944 to provide air support to the Franco-American Sixth Army Group. Made up of bomber and fighter units from the American 9th and 12th Air Forces, the First French Air Corps and the Western French Air Forces, they operated until May 1945.²

^{1 William H. Hess, P-47 Thunderbolt at War, 1976 , Doubleday& Company New York City, NY p. 66}^{2 American Air Musem in Britain website, https://www.americanairmuseum.com/unit/4217, accessed 07/12/2022}

From the final page of the March 1945 358th Fighter Group History, the destruction wrought by the P-47s of the 358th is remarkably chronicled in this fascinating drawing and list.

The group’s ground attack support of the 6th Army was memorialized by a commendation.

Commendation for ground support by the 368th Fighter Group forwarded from the Commanding General, 6th Army Group. Document courtesy of Dan Sokolowski — Commendation for ground support by the 368th Fighter Group forwarded from the Commanding General, 6th Army Group. (Document courtesy of Dan Sokolowski)

Donald was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for leading a successful and dangerous ground attack mission to the area around Heilbronn in Germany on March 13, 1945.

On April 2, 1945, the 358th FG moved to a captured Luftwaffe base at Sandhofen, Germany. On the third day of operations from that base, (April 8, 1945 according to his Army Officer Notebook)³, Lt. McKenna shot down a Bf 109, describing the event to U.S. War correspondent Sgt, Jerry Peterson:

“I was leading one of the flights. We were briefed to dive-bomb Munich, when we saw four German planes in the vicinity of Crailsheim. The Jerries split up, and I chased one that started climbing.

He made meager attempts at evasion and then leveled out in a straight climb.

I closed in to 300 yards, firing short bursts. He smoked a little on the first, and on the third burst, his engine exploded and poured black smoke.

The canopy flew off as I continued firing. The pilot bailed out and the plane started spinning down from 19,000 feet. The German’s parachute didn’t open.”

During his time in combat, Don McKenna had two confirmed aerial victories, both Bf 109s, and a confirmed damage claim against an Me 262 jet fighter.

^{3 Dan Sokowlowski, personal correspondence}

Two pages from Lt Don McKenna’s logbooks for late 1944 and 1945. Document courtesy of Dan Sokolowski — Two pages from Lt Don McKenna’s logbooks for late 1944 and 1945. (Document courtesy of Dan Sokolowski)

Lt Donald F. McKenna in front of a P-47. Photo courtesy of Dan Sokolowski — Lt Donald F. McKenna in front of a P-47. (Photo courtesy of Dan Sokolowski)

Donald McKenna’s official Army Separation Qualification Record, Photo courtesy of Dan Sokolowski — Donald McKenna’s official Army Separation Qualification Record. (Photo courtesy of Dan Sokolowski)

Lt. McKenna completed 135 combat missions during the war, his last being on April 28th, 1945 according to his Army Officer NoteBook.

He wasn’t an ace or a well-known name in the news, just another American doing his duty to keep the world safe from tyranny. We are lucky to have had so many like him during WWII; 16 million Americans served during that time and, like Donald F. McKenna, they rightly earned the honorific of “the Greatest Generation.”

And that’s all for this month. We wish to thank AirCorps Aviation, Chuck Cravens for making this report possible! We look forwards to bringing more restoration reports on progress with this rare machine in the coming months. Be safe, and be well

Dakota Territory Air Museum’s P-47 Update – June/July, 2022

Update

Acid Wash

Control Surfaces

Wings

Cowling

Cockpit

Fuselage

Lt Donald McKenna

Flight Training

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