Necessity Is The Mother of Invention: Paper Drop Tanks of WWII

Paper tanks are bright aluminum colored, metal tanks are grey in this shot from wartime.
United Fuel Cells


Faced with wartime metal shortages, and a need to extend the range of fighter craft heading to Europe, the British came up with an ingenious design for auxiliary drop tanks, making them out of resorcinol glue-impregnated kraft paper, which while having excellent tolerance characteristics for extreme heat and cold necessary for operation on an aircraft as well as being waterproof, the glue would slowly dissolve from the solvent effects of the fuel contained within the tank, developing leaks within a few hours of being loaded with fuel, making them a strictly a one-time use item, filled right before takeoff.

Paper drop tanks stockpiled for use by the 359th Fighter Group RAF East Wretham 1944
Paper drop tanks stockpiled for use by the 359th Fighter Group, RAF East Wretham, 1944

The tanks were not considered robust enough to land a plane with them attached, so if a mission was scrubbed, pilots were required to drop their sometimes still-full tanks at a specified drop point, usually, the airfield’s dump where the tanks would be jettisoned, though surprisingly we could not locate any cases where this caused a conflagration.

Paper tank on display at the Ulster Aviation Society in Lisburn in Northern Ireland.
Paper tank on display at the Ulster Aviation Society in Lisburn in Northern Ireland.

The paper drop tanks were quite light, particularly compared to their metal counterparts.
The paper drop tanks were quite light, particularly compared to their metal counterparts.

The tanks which were also sometimes referred to as “Papier-Mâché Tanks”, were assembled from three main components, the nose cone, tail cone, and the body. To ensure uniformity, the pieces were shaped over wooden forms. The center section was formed by wrapping layers of the impregnated paper around a cylinder to give the center portion its shape. The end caps were more complex due to their tapered shape and were hand-laminated with pieces of paper that were pre-cut like the petals of a flower. As each layer was applied with its glue, a special squeegee was used to ensure there were no wrinkles in the paper and no air bubbles were trapped. Wood baffles were installed within the cylinder and the pipes and fittings were attached, the tanks’ interiors were coated with a fuel-resistant lacquer and the three pieces were bonded together in a press. Once the tank had cured, it was pressure tested to 6 PSI, and passing tanks were given two coats of cellulose dope followed by two coats of aluminum paint.

Bilingual leaflet, issued by the Natzis in Polish and German explaining that drop tanks are NOT bombs.
Bilingual leaflet, issued by the Natzis in Polish and German explaining that drop tanks are NOT bombs.

Other added benefits of the drop tanks’ paper construction were that the tanks themselves were lightweight and relatively easy for ground crews to handle, and when dropped en route to a target, were not supplying the enemy with scrap metal to feed their war machine. With the production of these tanks estimated to be over 13,000 over the course of the war, obviously, a lot of metal was saved. Very few of these tanks survive owing to their one-time use and little intrinsic value at the time, though they and other dropped tanks were a bit of a nuisance for those under the flight path when the tanks had served their purpose, with civilians mistaking them for bombs that hadn’t exploded, the Germans going so far as to distribute leaflets, explaining that drop tanks are not bombs.

Ground crews unwrapping and stacking newly-arrived paper drop tanks at a UK airfield.
Ground crews unwrapping and stacking newly-arrived paper drop tanks at a UK airfield.

A story we came across, about which we have our doubts, but will relate nonetheless, told by Charles D. Mohrle, who sadly passed away earlier this year, related the following: “One morning Sgt. Sing, our Squadron cook, asked me if I would help him with a project to which I agreed of course. He sawed a panel from the top of a paper gas tank in which we carried extra fuel – one that had not been used. He took the baffles out of the inside and hinged the panel he’d cut out so that it could be opened and closed. Into the tank he poured 50 gallons of powdered milk mix, ten gallons of mixed, canned fruit, ten pounds of sugar, some vanilla extract and a few other ingredients that I don’t remember. All this was mixed thoroughly and the tank was hung under the wing of my plane. Sgt. Sing told me to fly up to 30,000 feet where the temperature would be about 30 degrees below zero F. I was to slip and skid the airplane around for half an hour to keep the contents mixed up until it froze, then dive down and land as quickly as possible. When I parked the airplane Sgt. Sing dropped the tank off the wing and opened it up to reveal ICE CREAM. Everyone had a feast.”

Definitely sounds like one for the Mythbusters.

Moreno-Aguiari

Born in Milan, Italy, Moreno moved to the U.S. in 1999 to pursue a career as a commercial pilot. His aviation passion began early, inspired by his uncle, an F-104 Starfighter Crew Chief, and his father, a military traffic controller. Childhood adventures included camping outside military bases and watching planes at Aeroporto Linate. In 1999, he relocated to Atlanta, Georgia, to obtain his commercial pilot license, a move that became permanent. With 24 years in the U.S., he now flies full-time for a Part 91 business aviation company in Atlanta. He is actively involved with the Commemorative Air Force, the D-Day Squadron, and other aviation organizations. He enjoys life with his supportive wife and three wonderful children.

Array
About Moreno Aguiari 3365 Articles
Born in Milan, Italy, Moreno moved to the U.S. in 1999 to pursue a career as a commercial pilot. His aviation passion began early, inspired by his uncle, an F-104 Starfighter Crew Chief, and his father, a military traffic controller. Childhood adventures included camping outside military bases and watching planes at Aeroporto Linate. In 1999, he relocated to Atlanta, Georgia, to obtain his commercial pilot license, a move that became permanent. With 24 years in the U.S., he now flies full-time for a Part 91 business aviation company in Atlanta. He is actively involved with the Commemorative Air Force, the D-Day Squadron, and other aviation organizations. He enjoys life with his supportive wife and three wonderful children.

5 Comments

  1. Does anyone know if the paper the Brits used for the paper drop tanks was ever made of hemp? I can’t recall my source any longer, but I heard the story years ago that drop tanks were often made of hemp saturated with a lacquer or shellac. I have not been able to substantiate it as fact however.

  2. The U.S. paper tanks were developed by Col. Bob Shafer and Col. Cass Hough. Many hours were spent developing the tank and it was put in production at Bowater-Lloyds of London. Details and samples were sent to Wright Field for approval. Wright Field eventually replied that: Paper tanks are absolutely unfeasible and will not do the job for which intended” By the time that report arrived in England, the 8th Air Force fighters had discarded over 15.000 with a failure.

  3. The British tanks were developed by my father in our house in Wembley. They were used by the Mosquito plane and many thousands were made after my father toured the country and taught people how to manufacture them in their kitchens, gardens, garages etc. They were practical and effective. They were all made of paper – no hemp involved.

1 Trackback / Pingback

  1. The war-winning paper fuel tank – volunteer london blog

Graphic Design, Branding and Aviation Art

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published.


*